Which Energy Change Takes Place When Gasoline Evaporates From A Fuel Gas Can?

This commodity is about the fuel and industrial solvent. For other uses, see Gasoline (disambiguation).

"Petrol" redirects here. For other uses, see Petrol (disambiguation). For the bird grouping, see petrel.

A jar containing gasoline

One-time gasoline pumps, Norway

Gasoline / ˈ ɡ æ s ə 50 iː n / , or petrol / ˈ p ɛ t r ə l / , is a toxic translucent, petroleum-derived liquid that is primarily used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. Information technology consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the partial distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives. Some gasolines also incorporate ethanol as an alternative fuel. In North America, the term "gasoline" is oft shortened in colloquial usage to "gas", whereas most current or former Commonwealth nations use the term "petrol". Under normal ambient weather its material state is liquid, unlike liquefied petroleum gas or "natural gas".

Contents

• 1 Properties
  • ane.1 Volatility
  • 1.2 Octane rating
  • i.3 Stability
  • 1.4 Energy content (high and low heating value)
  • 1.5 Density
• 2 Chemical analysis and production
• three Additives
  • 3.1 Antiknock additives
    • 3.i.one Tetraethyl lead
  • 3.ii Detergents
  • 3.3 Ethanol
    • 3.3.1 European Spousal relationship
    • 3.3.ii Brazil
    • 3.3.3 Australia
    • 3.three.4 United States
  • 3.4 Dye
  • 3.5 Oxygenate blending
• 4 Condom
  • 4.i Environmental considerations
  • 4.2 Inhalation
  • 4.3 Flammability
• 5 Usage and pricing
  • 5.i Europe
  • five.two United States
• 6 Etymology and terminology
• 7 Come across also
• 8 Appendix
• 9 Notes
• 10 References
• 11 External links

Properties

Volatility

Gasoline is more volatile than diesel oil, Jet-A, or kerosene, non but because of the base of operations constituents, but also considering of additives. Volatility is oftentimes controlled by blending with butane, which boils at -0.v °C. The volatility of gasoline is determined by the Reid vapor pressure level (RVP) test. The desired volatility depends on the ambience temperature. In hot weather, gasoline components of higher molecular weight and thus lower volatility are used. In cold weather condition, too little volatility results in cars failing to starting time.

In hot weather, excessive volatility results in what is known as "vapor lock", where combustion fails to occur, because the liquid fuel has changed to a gaseous fuel in the fuel lines, rendering the fuel pump ineffective and starving the engine of fuel. This effect mainly applies to camshaft-driven (engine mounted) fuel pumps which lack a fuel return line. Vehicles with fuel injection require the fuel to be pressurized, to within a set range. Because camshaft speed is nearly naught before the engine is started, an electrical pump is used. Information technology is located in the fuel tank so the fuel may as well cool the high-force per unit area pump. Pressure regulation is achieved by returning unused fuel to the tank. Therefore, vapor lock is almost never a problem in a vehicle with fuel injection.

In the United States, volatility is regulated in large cities to reduce the emission of unburned hydrocarbons by the employ of so-called reformulated gasoline that is less prone to evaporation. In Commonwealth of australia, summer petrol volatility limits are set up by state governments and vary among states. Almost countries merely have a summer, winter, and perhaps intermediate limit.

Volatility standards may be relaxed (assuasive more than gasoline components into the temper) during gasoline shortages. For example, on 31 August 2005, in response to Hurricane Katrina, the United States permitted the sale of nonreformulated gasoline in some urban areas, effectively permitting an early switch from summertime to winter-course gasoline. As mandated by EPA administrator Stephen L. Johnson, this "fuel waiver" was made constructive until fifteen September 2005. ^[1]

Modern automobiles are also equipped with an evaporative emissions command system (called an EVAP system in automotive jargon), which collects evaporated fuel from the fuel tank in a charcoal-filled canister while the engine is stopped, and and so releases the collected vapors into the engine intake for burning when the engine is running (normally only after information technology has reached normal operating temperature). The evaporative emissions command system also includes a sealed gas cap to prevent vapors from escaping via the fuel filler tube. Modern vehicles with OBD-Two emissions control systems will illuminate the malfunction indicator light (MIL), "check engine" or "Service Engine Soon" light if the leak detection pump (LDP) detects a leak in the EVAP organization. If the electronic command unit (ECU) or powertrain command module (PCM) detects a leak, information technology volition shop an OBD-II code representing either a small or large leak, thus illuminating the MIL to signal a failure. Some vehicles can discover whether the gas cap is incorrectly fitted, and will indicate this by illuminating a gas cap symbol on the dash.

Octane rating

Internal combustion engines are designed to burn down gasoline in a controlled process called deflagration. But in some cases, gasoline can also combust abnormally by detonation, which wastes free energy and tin damage the engine. One way to reduce detonation is to increase the gasoline's resistance to autoignition, which is expressed by its octane rating.

Octane rating is measured relative to a mixture of ii,2,4-trimethylpentane (an isomer of octane) and n-heptane. At that place are unlike conventions for expressing octane ratings, and so a fuel may have several different octane ratings based on the measure used. Research octane number (RON) for gasoline varies with country. In Finland, Sweden, and Norway, 95 RON is the standard for regular unleaded petrol and 98 RON is also available every bit a more expensive selection. In the Uk, ordinary regular unleaded petrol is 91 RON (not commonly available), premium unleaded petrol is ever 95 RON, and super unleaded is usually 97-98 RON. Notwithstanding, both Trounce and BP produce fuel at 102 RON for cars with high-performance engines, and the supermarket concatenation Tesco began in 2006 to sell super unleaded petrol rated at 99 RON. In the U.s., octane ratings in unleaded fuels can vary between 86 and 87 AKI (91-92 RON) for regular, through 89-90 AKI (94-95 RON) for mid-course (European premium), up to 90-94 AKI (95-99 RON) for premium (European super).

The octane rating became important as the military sought higher output for aircraft engines in the late 1930s and the 1940s. A higher octane rating allows a college compression ratio, and thus higher temperatures and pressures, which translate to higher ability output. Some scientists fifty-fifty predicted that nation with a good supply of high octane gasoline would have the advantage in air ability ^[two]

Stability

Proficient quality gasoline should exist stable virtually indefinitely if stored properly. Such storage should be in an airtight container, to prevent oxidation or h2o vapors mixing, and at a stable absurd temperature, to reduce the take chances of the container leaking. When gasoline is not stored correctly, gums and solids may accrue resulting in "dried fuel". The presence of these degradation products in fuel tank, lines, and carburetor or fuel injection components, make it harder to kickoff the engine. Upon the resumption of regular vehicle usage, though, the buildups should somewhen exist cleaned up by the catamenia of fresh petrol. Fuel stabilizers (encounter below) tin be used to extend the life of the fuel that is non or cannot be stored properly. Fuel stabilizer is commonly used for pocket-size engines, such as lawnmower and tractor engines, to promote quicker and more reliable starting. Users accept been brash to continue gasoline containers and tanks more than one-half full and properly capped to reduce air exposure, to avert storage at loftier temperatures, ^[3] to run an engine for x minutes to circulate the stabilizer through all components prior to storage, and to run the engine at intervals to purge dried fuel from the carburetor. ^[4]

Energy content (loftier and depression heating value)

Energy is obtained from the combustion of gasoline, the conversion of a hydrocarbon to carbon dioxide and water. The combustion of octane follows this reaction:

2 C₈H₁₈ + 25 O₂ → 16 CO₂ + eighteen H₂O

Combustion of one U.s. gallon of gasoline produces nigh 19.iv pounds (8.eight kg) of carbon dioxide (converts to 2.33 kg/litre), a greenhouse gas. ^{[5] [six]}

Gasoline contains about 35 MJ/L (9.7 kW·h/50, 132 MJ/Us gal, 36.half dozen kWh/US gal) (higher heating value) or 13 kWh/kg. Gasoline blends differ, and therefore actual energy content varies according to the season to flavor and producer past up to 4% more or less than the average, according to the US EPA. On average, about nineteen.v United states gallons (16.2 imp gal; 74 50) of gasoline are available from a 42-US-gallon (35 imp gal; 160 L) barrel of crude oil (about 46% by volume), varying due to quality of crude and grade of gasoline. The remaining residue comes off as products ranging from tar to naptha. ^[seven]

A high octane fuel, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), has a lower energy content than lower octane gasoline, resulting in an overall lower power output at the regular compression ratio of an engine run at on gasoline. However, with an engine tuned to the use of LPG (i.eastward. via higher compression ratios, such every bit 12:one instead of 8:ane), this lower power output can be overcome. This is because college-octane fuels allow for a college compression ratio hence a college cylinder temperature, which improves efficiency. Also, increased mechanical efficiency is created by a higher compression ratio through the concommitant higher expansion ratio on the power stroke, which is by far the greater effect. The higher expansion ratio extracts more work from the high-pressure gas created by the combustion process. The applicable formula is PV=nRT. An Atkinson cycle engine uses the timing of the valve events to produce the benefits of a high expansion ratio without the disadvantages, chiefly detonation, of a loftier compression ratio. A high expansion ratio is also i of the two key reasons for the efficiency of Diesel fuel engines, along with the elimination of pumping losses due to throtttling of the intake air period. A high compression ratio can exist viewed equally a necessary evil to take a loftier expansion ratio.

The lower energy content (per litre) of LPG in comparison to gasoline is due mainly to its lower density. Energy content per kilogram is higher than for gasoline (college hydrogen to carbon ratio). The weight-density of gasoline is nearly 740 kg/grand³ (6.175 lb/United states gal; vii.416 lb/imp gal).

Density

The specific gravity (or relative density) of gasoline ranges from 0.71–0.77 (719.7 kg/g³  ; 0.026 lb/in³; 6.073 lb/US gal; 7.29 lb/imp gal), college densities having a greater volume of aromatics. ^[viii] Gasoline floats on water; water cannot generally be used to extinguish a gasoline fire, unless used in a fine mist.

Chemic analysis and production

Gasoline is produced in oil refineries. Material that is separated from crude oil via distillation, called virgin or direct-run gasoline, does not meet the required specifications for modern engines (in item octane rating; see below), but will form role of the alloy.

Some of the main components of gasoline: isooctane, butane, an aromatic compound, and the octane enhancer MTBE.

The bulk of a typical gasoline consists of hydrocarbons with between four and 12 carbon atoms per molecule (commonly referred to as C4-C12). ^[ix]

The diverse refinery streams composite to make gasoline have different characteristics. Some important streams are:

• direct-run gasoline is distilled directly from crude oil. Once the leading source of fuel, its low octane rating required lead additives. It is in low aromatics (depending on the form of crude oil), containing some naphthenes (cycloalkanes) and no olefins. About 0-20% of gasoline is derived from this material, in office considering the supply of this fraction is bereft and its RON is also low.
• reformate, produced in a catalytic reformer with a high octane rating and high aromatic content, and very low olefins (alkenes). Nearly of the benzene, toluene, and xylene (the and so-called BTX) are more valuable equally chemical feedstocks and are thus removed to some extent.
• cat cracked gasoline or cat cracked naphtha, produced from a catalytic cracker, with a moderate octane rating, high olefins (alkene) content, and moderate aromatics level.
• hydrocrackate (heavy, mid, and calorie-free) produced from a hydrocracker, with medium to low octane rating and moderate aromatic levels.
• alkylate is produced in an alkylation unit, involving the add-on of isobutane to alkenes giving branched bondage but low aromatics.
• isomerate is obtained by isomerizing depression octane straight run gasoline to iso-parafins (like isooctane).

The terms above are the jargon used in the oil industry but terminology varies.

Overall, a typical gasoline is predominantly a mixture of paraffins (alkanes), naphthenes (cycloalkanes), and olefins (alkenes). The actual ratio depends on:

• the oil refinery that makes the gasoline, as non all refineries take the same set of processing units;
• crude oil feed used by the refinery;
• the grade of gasoline, in particular, the octane rating.

Currently, many countries set limits on gasoline aromatics in general, benzene in particular, and olefin (alkene) content. Such regulations led to increasing preference for loftier octane pure alkane (alkane) components, such every bit alkylate, and is forcing refineries to add processing units to reduce benzene content.

Gasoline can also contain other organic compounds, such as organic ethers (deliberately added), plus pocket-size levels of contaminants, in particular organosulfur compounds, merely these are ordinarily removed at the refinery.

Additives

Antiknock additives

A plastic container for storing gasoline used in Deutschland

Most countries accept phased out leaded fuel. Different additives have replaced the lead compounds. The most popular additives include aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers and alcohol (commonly ethanol or methanol).

Tetraethyl lead

Gasoline, when used in high-compression internal combustion engines, has a trend to autoignite (detonate) causing damaging "engine knocking" (also chosen "pinging" or "pinking") noise. Early on research into this effect was led by A.H. Gibson and Harry Ricardo in England and Thomas Midgley and Thomas Boyd in the The states. The discovery that pb additives modified this behavior led to the widespread adoption of their employ in the 1920s, and therefore more than powerful, college compression engines. The near popular additive was tetra-ethyl lead. With the discovery of the extent of ecology and health damage caused by the atomic number 82, however, and the incompatibility of lead with catalytic converters found on well-nigh all newly sold Usa automobiles since 1975, this practice began to wane (encouraged by many governments introducing differential revenue enhancement rates) in the 1980s.

In the U.s.a., where lead had been blended with gasoline (primarily to boost octane levels) since the early on 1920s, standards to phase out leaded gasoline were first implemented in 1973 - due in great part to studies conducted by Philip J. Landrigan. In 1995, leaded fuel accounted for only 0.6% of total gasoline sales and less than 2000 curt tons (1814 t) of lead per twelvemonth. From 1 January 1996, the Clean Air Human action banned the sale of leaded fuel for use in on-road vehicles. Possession and use of leaded gasoline in a regular on-road vehicle now carries a maximum $10,000 fine in the US. Notwithstanding, fuel containing lead may continue to exist sold for off-road uses, including aircraft, racing cars, subcontract equipment, and marine engines. ^[x] Like bans in other countries have resulted in lowering levels of lead in people's bloodstreams. ^{[eleven] [12]}

Gasolines are also treated with metal deactivators, which are compounds that sequester (deactivate) metal salts that otherwise accelerate the formation of gummy residues. The metallic impurities might ascend from the engine itself or equally contaminants in the fuel.

Detergents

Gasoline, as delivered at the pump, also contains additives to reduce internal engine carbon buildups, improve combustion, and to allow easier starting in cold climates. Loftier levels of detergent can be found in Peak Tier Detergent Gasolines. These gasolines exceed the U.S. EPA'due south minimum requirement for detergent content. The specification for Summit Tier Detergent Gasolines was adult past four automakers: GM, Honda, Toyota and BMW. Co-ordinate to the bulletin, the minimal EPA requirement is non sufficient to keep engines make clean. ^[13] Typical detergents include alkylamines and alkyl phosphates at the level of 50-100 ppm. ^[ix]

Ethanol

European Union

In the European union, v% ethanol tin be added within the common gasoline spec (EN 228). Discussions are ongoing to allow 10% blending of ethanol (bachelor in French gas stations). Almost gasoline sold in Sweden has 5-15% ethanol added.

Brazil

In Brazil, the Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) requires gasoline for auto use to take from eighteen to 25% of ethanol added to its limerick. ^[14]

Australia

Legislation limits ethanol use to ten% of gasoline in Australia. It is commonly called E10 by major brands, and is less expensive than regular unleaded petrol. Information technology is also required for retailers to label fuels containing ethanol on the dispenser.

United States

In most states, ethanol is added by law to a minimum level which is currently 5.ix%. Most fuel pumps display a sticker stating the fuel may comprise up to x% ethanol, an intentional disparity which allows the minimum level to exist raised over fourth dimension without requiring modification of the literature/labelling. Until tardily 2010, fuels retailers were only authorized to sell fuel containing upwardly to x percent ethanol (E10), and most vehicle warranties (except for flexible fuel vehicles) authorize fuels that incorporate no more than 10 percent ethanol. ^[15] In parts of the United states of america, ethanol is sometimes added to gasoline without an indication that it is a component in some states.

Dye

In Australia, petrol tends to be dyed a light shade of purple. In the United states of america, the most ordinarily used aircraft gasoline, avgas, or aviation gas, is known as 100LL (100 octane, depression atomic number 82) and is dyed blueish. Red dye has been used for identifying untaxed (off highway use) agronomical diesel fuel. The UK uses red dye to differentiate between regular diesel fuel fuel, (often referred to as DERV from Diesel-Engined Road Vehicle), which is undyed, and diesel fuel intended for agricultural and construction vehicles similar excavators and bulldozers. Crimson diesel fuel is nevertheless occasionally used on HGVs which employ a separate engine to power a loader crane. This is a declining practice, yet, as many loader cranes are powered direct by the tractor unit. In Republic of india, where leaded fuels are mainstream, petrol is dyed blood-red whereas in Southward Africa unleaded fuel is dyed green and lead-replacement fuel is dyed red.

Oxygenate blending

Oxygenate blending adds oxygen-bearing compounds such every bit MTBE, ETBE and ethanol. The presence of these oxygenates reduces the amount of carbon monoxide and unburned fuel in the exhaust gas. In many areas throughout the US, oxygenate blending is mandated by EPA regulations to reduce smog and other airborne pollutants. For case, in Southern California, fuel must contain 2% oxygen past weight, resulting in a mixture of 5.6% ethanol in gasoline. The resulting fuel is oftentimes known as reformulated gasoline (RFG) or oxygenated gasoline, or in the case of California, California reformulated gasoline. The federal requirement that RFG contain oxygen was dropped on 6 May 2006 because the industry had adult VOC-controlled RFG that did not demand additional oxygen. ^[xvi]

MTBE use is being phased out in some states due to issues with contamination of ground water. In some places, such every bit California, it is already banned. Ethanol and, to a bottom extent, the ethanol-derived ETBE are mutual replacements. Since most ethanol is derived from biomass, such every bit corn, sugar cane or grain, information technology is referred to every bit bioethanol. A common ethanol-gasoline mix of 10% ethanol mixed with gasoline is called gasohol or E10, and an ethanol-gasoline mix of 85% ethanol mixed with gasoline is called E85. The most extensive use of ethanol takes place in Brazil, where the ethanol is derived from sugarcane. In 2004, over 3.4 billion United states of america gallons (2.viii billion imp gal/xiii meg m³) of ethanol was produced in the Us for fuel use, mostly from corn, and E85 is slowly condign bachelor in much of the Us, though many of the relatively few stations vending E85 are not open to the general public. ^[17] The use of bioethanol, either straight or indirectly by conversion of such ethanol to bio-ETBE, is encouraged by the European Matrimony Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport. Since producing bioethanol from fermented sugars and starches involves distillation, though, ordinary people in much of Europe cannot legally ferment and distill their own bioethanol now (unlike in the United states, where getting a BATF distillation allow has been piece of cake since the 1973 oil crunch).

Rubber

Ecology considerations

Hydrocarbons are hazardous substances and are regulated in the The states by the Occupational Prophylactic and Wellness Administration. The material safety information sheet for unleaded gasoline shows at least 15 hazardous chemicals occurring in various amounts, including benzene (up to 5% by book), toluene (upwards to 35% past volume), naphthalene (up to 1% by volume), trimethylbenzene (up to 7% by volume), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (up to eighteen% past volume, in some states) and about ten others. ^[18] Benzene and many antiknocking additives are carcinogenic. The principal risks of such leaks come up not from vehicles, but from gasoline delivery truck accidents and leaks from storage tanks. Considering of this risk, nearly (underground) storage tanks now have extensive measures in place to detect and prevent any such leaks, such as sacrificial anodes.

The main business concern with gasoline on the surround, aside from the complications of its extraction and refining, are the potential upshot on the climate. Unburnt gasoline and evaporation from the tank, when in the atmosphere, react in sunlight to produce photochemical smog. Addition of ethanol increases the volatility of gasoline, potentially worsening the problem.

Inhalation

Hydrocarbons including exhibit depression acute toxicities, with LD50 of 700 – 2700 mg/kg for simple aromatic compounds. ^[19] Petrol sniffing is a common intoxicant that has get epidemic in some poorer communities and ethnic groups in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, some Pacific Islands, and the US. ^[20] In response, Opal fuel has been developed past the BP Kwinana Refinery in Australia, and contains just 5% aromatics (unlike the usual 25%) which weakens the effects of inhalation. ^[21]

Flammability

Uncontrolled called-for of gasoline produces large quantities of soot.

Like other alkanes, gasoline burns in a limited range of its vapor stage and, coupled with its volatility, this makes leaks highly dangerous when sources of ignition are present. Gasoline has a lower explosion limit of 1.iv% by volume and an upper explosion limit of 7.6%. If the concentration is below 1.iv% the air-gasoline mixture is too lean and will not ignite. If the concentration is higher up 7.6% the mixture is too rich and also will not ignite. However, gasoline vapor quickly mixes and spreads with air, making unconstrained gasoline quickly flammable. Many accidents involve gasoline being used in an effort to light bonfires; rather than helping the material on the blaze to burn down, some of the gasoline vaporises quickly later being poured and mixes with the surrounding air, and so when the fire is lit a moment later, the vapor surrounding the blaze instantly ignites in a large fireball, engulfing the unwary user. The vapor is also heavier than air and tends to collect in garage inspection pits.

Usage and pricing

Main articles: Gasoline usage and pricing, Global warming, and Peak oil

United kingdom petrol prices

The U.s. accounts for about 44% of the world'south gasoline consumption. ^[22] In 2003 The The states consumed 476.474 gigalitres (1.25871×10 ^eleven US gal; 1.04810×10 ^eleven imp gal), ^[23] which equates to 1.three gigalitres of gasoline each twenty-four hour period (almost 360 one thousand thousand United states of america or 300 million imperial gallons). The Us used about 510 billion litres (138 billion US gal/115 billion imp gal) of gasoline in 2006, of which 5.6% was mid-grade and 9.5% was premium grade. ^[24]

Western countries have amidst the highest usage rates per person.^{[ citation needed ]}

Europe

Unlike the US, countries in Europe impose a substantial taxes on fuels such equally gasoline. For instance, price for gasoline in Europe is more twice that in the US.

Pump price (in Euro/liter) 2004 to 2011 lead-free 95 Octane gasoline in selected European countries. To convert prices for Euro/liter to U.s.a.$/gal, multiply by 5.7 (assuming US$ane.5 = 1 Euro).

State	December. 2004	May 2005	July 2007	Apr 2008	January 2009	Mar 2010	Feb 2011
Deutschland	i.19	1.xviii	i.37	1.43	one.09	ane.35	1.50
France	one.05	1.xv	one.31	1.38	1.07	one.35	ane.53
Italy	1.10	1.23	1.35	i.39	one.10	ane.34	1.46
Netherlands	i.26	1.33	1.51	i.56	1,25	one.54	1.66
Poland	0.80	0.92	ane.15	1.23	0.82	one.12	1.26
Switzerland	0.92	0.98	one.06	one.fourteen	0.88	ane.12	1.29
Republic of hungary	1.00	1,01	1,xiii	ane,13	0.86	one,22	i,32

U.s.a.

Because of the low fuel taxes, the retail price of gasoline in the US is bailiwick to greater fluctuations (vs. outside the US) when calculated equally a percentage of cost-per-unit, but is less variable in absolute terms. From 1998 to 2004, the price of gasoline was between $1 and $2 USD per U.S. gallon. ^[25] After 2004, the price increased until the boilerplate gas price reached a high of $4.11 per U.S. gallon in mid-2008, but has receded to approximately $2.threescore per U.South. gallon as of September 2009. ^[25] Recently, the U.Due south. has experienced an upswing in gas prices of xiii.51% from Jan 31st to March 7, 2011. ^[26]

Unlike most consumer goods, the prices of which are listed before tax, in the United states of america, gasoline prices are posted with taxes included. Taxes are added by federal, state and local governments. As of 2009, the federal tax is xviii.4¢ per gallon for gasoline and 24.4¢ per gallon for diesel (excluding reddish diesel). ^[27] Among states, the highest gasoline tax rates, including the federal taxes equally of 2005, are New York (62.9¢/gal), Hawaii (threescore.1¢/gal), and California (threescore¢/gal). ^[26] Yet, many states' taxes are a pct and thus vary in corporeality depending on the cost of the gasoline.

Nearly nine% of all gasoline sold in the The states in May 2009 was premium grade, co-ordinate to the Energy Data Assistants. Consumer Reports magazine says, "If your car can run on regular, run it on regular."^{[ citation needed ]} The Associated Press said premium gas—which is a higher octane and costs several cents a gallon more regular unleaded—should be used only if the manufacturer says it is "required". ^[28]

Etymology and terminology

"Gasoline" is cited (under the spelling "gasolene") from 1865 in the Oxford English language Dictionary. ^[29] The trademark Gasoline was never registered, and eventually became generic in North America and the Philippines.

The discussion "petrol" has been used in English language to refer to raw petroleum since the 16th century. ^[29] Nonetheless, it was get-go used to refer to the refined fuel in 1892, when information technology was registered as a trade proper noun past British wholesaler Carless, Capel & Leonard at the proposition of Frederick Richard Simms, equally a wrinkle of 'St. Peter's Oil'. ^[30] Carless's competitors used the term "motor spirit" until the 1930s. ^{[31] [32]} The Oxford English language Dictionary suggests this usage may have been inspired by the French pétrole. ^[29]

In many countries, gasoline has a colloquial proper noun derived from that of the chemic benzene (eastward.k., German Benzin, Dutch Benzine). In other countries, particularly in those portions of Latin America where Spanish predominates (i.e., about of the region except Brazil), it has a colloquial name derived from that of the chemical naphtha (e.thou., Argentine/Uruguaian/Paraguaian nafta). ^[33] Notwithstanding, the standard Castilian word is "gasolina."

The terms "mogas", short for motor gasoline, or "autogas", short for automobile gasoline, are used to distinguish automobile fuel from aviation gasoline, or "avgas". ^{[34] [35] [36]} In British English, gasoline tin refer to a different petroleum derivative historically used in lamps, but this usage is relatively uncommon.^{[ citation needed ]}

See besides

• Aftermarket fuel economic system device
• Aviation fuel
• Comparison of auto fuel technologies
• Drip gas
• Filling station
• Fuel dispenser
• Gasoline gallon equivalent
• Internal combustion engine (ICE)
• Jerrycan
• List of automotive fuel brands
• Octane rating
• Oil price increases since 2003
• Listing of CO₂ emitted per million Btu of energy from various fuels
• Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Appendix

Volumetric and mass energy density of some fuels compared with gasoline (in the rows with gross and net, they are from ^[37] ):

Fuel type[ clarification needed ]	Gross MJ/L	MJ/kg	Gross BTU/gal (imp)	Gross BTU/gal (U.Southward.)	Net BTU/gal (U.S.)	RON
Conventional gasoline	34.8	44.4 [38]	150,100	125,000	115,400	91-92
Autogas (LPG) (Consisting mostly of C2 to C4 range hydrocarbons)[ commendation needed ]	26.8	46				108
Ethanol	21.2 [38]	26.8 [38]	101,600	84,600	75,700	108.7 [39]
Methanol	17.9	nineteen.9 [38]	77,600	64,600	56,600	123
Butanol[3]	29.2	36.6				91-99[ clarification needed ]
Gasohol	31.ii		145,200	120,900	112,400	93/94[ clarification needed ]
Diesel fuel(*)	38.half-dozen	45.4	166,600	138,700	128,700	25
Biodiesel	33.3-35.7 [40] [ clarification needed ]			126,200	117,100
Avgas (high octane gasoline)	33.5	46.8	144,400	120,200	112,000
Jet fuel (kerosene based)	35.ane	43.eight	151,242	125,935
Jet fuel (naphtha)				127,500	118,700
Liquefied natural gas	25.3	~55	109,000	xc,800
Liquefied petroleum gas				91,300	83,500
Hydrogen	10.ane (at 20 kelvin)	142			130 [41]

(*) Diesel fuel is not used in a gasoline engine, and so its low octane rating is not an outcome; the relevant metric for diesel fuel engines is the cetane number

Notes

1. ^ "Calendar week 1: Nationwide fuel waiver issued to eternalize fuel supplies". Response to 2005 Hurricanes. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 31 August 2005. http://www.epa.gov/katrina/activities/week1.html#aug31johnson.
2. ^ "Best Gasoline Will Win War of the Time to come" Popular Mechanics, Apr 1935 commodity at lesser of page 524
3. ^ "Fuel storage practices". http://www.alpharubicon.com/altenergy/gasstoretg.htm.
4. ^ "PER Notebook". http://www.perr.com/tip1.html.
5. ^ Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle, United states Environment Protection Agency
6. ^ How Gasoline Becomes CO2, Slate Magazine
7. ^ "Oil Industry Statistics from Gibson Consulting". http://www.gravmag.com/oil.html . Retrieved 31 July 2008.
8. ^ Bell Fuels. "Atomic number 82-Complimentary Gasoline Cloth Safety Data Canvas". NOAA. http://www.sefsc.noaa.gov/HTMLdocs/Gasoline.htm . Retrieved 6 July 2008.
9. ^ ^{a b} Werner Dabelstein, Arno Reglitzky, Andrea Schütze and Klaus Reders "Automotive Fuels" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2007, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.doi:x.1002/14356007.a16_719.pub2
10. ^ "EPA Takes Final Step in Phaseout of Leaded Gasoline" (Press release). U.Southward. Ecology Protection Agency. 29 Jan 1996. http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/pb/02.htm.
11. ^ Lourdes Schnaas, Stephen J. Rothenberg, María-Fernanda Flores, Sandra Martínez, Carmen Hernández, Erica Osorio,1 and Estela Perroni (2004). "Blood Atomic number 82 Secular Trend in a Accomplice of Children in Mexico Metropolis (1987–2002)". Environ. Health Perspect. 112 (10): 1110–1115. doi:x.1289/ehp.6636. PMC 1247386. PMID 15238286. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1247386.
12. ^ Paulina Pino, Tomás Walter; Manuel J. Oyarzún A3, Matthew J. Brunt; Betsy Lozoff (2004). "Rapid Drib in Babe Blood Lead Levels during the Transition to Unleaded Gasoline Use in Santiago, Chile". Archives of Environmental Health: an International Periodical 59 (4): 182–187. doi:x.3200/AEOH.59.4.182-187.
13. ^ "Superlative Tier Detergent Gasoline (Deposits, Fuel Economy, No Start, Power, Performance, Stall Concerns), GM Bulletin, 04-06-04-047, 06-Engine/Propulsion System, June 2004
14. ^ http://www.senado.gov.br/atividade/materia/detalhes.asp?p_cod_mate=100053
15. ^ Challenges Remain Before E15 Usage Is Widespread
16. ^ "Removal of Reformulated Gasoline Oxygen Content Requirement (national) and Revision of Commingling Prohibition to Address Non-0xygenated Reformulated Gasoline (national)". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 22 February 2006. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/rfg_regs.htm#usage.
17. ^ "Culling Fueling Station Locator". U.S. Department of Energy. http://www.eere.free energy.gov/afdc/fuels/stations_locator.html.
18. ^ Material safety data sheet Tesoro Petroleum Companies, Inc., U.S., eight February 2003
19. ^ Karl Griesbaum et al. "Hydrocarbons" in Ullmann'south Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.doi:.1002/14356007.a13 227
20. ^ Petrol Sniffing Fact File Sheree Cairney, www.abc.net.au, Published 24 November 2005. Retrieved 13 October 2007, a modified version of the original article, at present archived [1]
21. ^ Fuel technology www.bp.com. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
22. ^ http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5579 , http://world wide web.environmental impact assessment.doe.gov/emeu/international/oilconsumption.html
23. ^ EarthTrends: Energy and Resources - Transportation: Motor gasoline consumption Units: Million liters
24. ^ "U.S. Prime Supplier Sales Volumes of Petroleum Products". United States Energy Information Assistants. http://tonto.environmental impact assessment.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_prim_dcu_nus_a.htm . Retrieved 24 October 2007.
25. ^ ^{a b} Fuel Economy.gov, FAQ
26. ^ ^{a b} http://www.taxfoundation.org/UserFiles/Epitome/Financial%20Facts/gas-revenue enhancement-690px.jpg
27. ^ "When did the Federal Government begin collecting the gas tax? - Ask the Rambler - Highway History - FHWA". Fhwa.dot.gov. http://world wide web.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/gastax.cfm . Retrieved 2010-ten-17.
28. ^ Associated Press, "Gassing upwards with premium probably a waste product," 19 August 2009.
29. ^ ^{a b c} Oxford English language Dictionary online edition, entry "Gasoline"
30. ^ Petrochem Carless :: History
31. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
32. ^ Ron Hincks (2004). "Our Motoring Heritage: Petrol & Oil". Chrysler Collector (154): xvi–twenty.
33. ^ Castilian Dict
34. ^ Federal Aviation Administration (2000-04-05). "Revised Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin (SAIB) Number CE-00-19R1". Archived from the original on 2006-10-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20061012225919/http://www.faa.gov/aircraft/safety/alerts/saib/media/CE-00-19R1.htm . Retrieved 2006-10-28. "The FAA highly recommends installing placards stating the apply of 82UL is or is not approved on those airplanes that specify unleaded autogas equally an approved fuel."
35. ^ Pew, Glenn (November 2007). "Avgas: Grouping Asks EPA To Get The Lead Out". http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/GroupAsksEPAToGetTheLeadOutOfAvgas_196596-i.html . Retrieved 2008-02-18.
36. ^ [ii], Mogas, Alcohol Blend, Octane, Aviation Fuels and Specifications
37. ^ Appendix B, Transportation Free energy Information Book from the Center for Transportation Analysis of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
38. ^ ^{a b c d} Thomas, George: Overview of Storage Evolution DOE Hydrogen Program PDF (99.half dozen KB). Livermore, CA. Sandia National Laboratories. 2000.
39. ^ Eyidogan, Muharrem; Ozsezen, Ahmet Necati; Canakci, Mustafa; Turkcan, Ali (2010). "Impact of alcohol–gasoline fuel blends on the performance and combustion characteristics of an SI engine". Fuel 89 (10): 2713. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.032.
40. ^ Bioenergy Feedstock Development Programs at Oak Rodge National Laboratory
41. ^ National Hydrogen Association FAQs

References

• Graph of aggrandizement-corrected historic prices, 1970–2005. Highest in 2005
• The Depression-Downwards on High Octane Gasoline
• MMT-Us EPA
• An introduction to the modern petroleum science, and to the Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, abiotic petroleum origins.
• What's the difference betwixt premium and regular gas? (from The Directly Dope)
• "Here Comes Winter Gasoline" R-Squared Energy Blog fourteen September 2006
• International Fuel Prices 2005 with diesel and gasoline prices of 172 countries
• EIA - Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update
• World Internet News: "Big Oil Looking for Another Authorities Handout", Apr 2006.
• Durability of diverse plastics: Alcohols vs. Gasoline
• Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connexion for Natural Petroleum.
• Fuel Economy Bear on Analysis of RFG i.east. reformulated gasoline. Has lower heating value data, actual free energy content is college see higher heating value
• Associated Printing, "Gassing up with premium probably a waste product," 19 August 2009.

External links

• CNN/Money: Global gas prices
• EEP: European gas prices
• Transportation Free energy Data Book
• Energy Supply Logistics Searchable Directory of U.s.a. Terminals
• 2011 NACS Annual Fuels Report
• Definition of basic terms, Graphs of Gas prices. all in Slovak language
• Gasoline from Vinegar | MIT Technology Review
• High octane fuel, leaded and LRP petrol - commodity from robotpig.net

Images

• "Down the Gasoline Trail" Handy Jam Organization, 1935 (Drawing)

v · d · e Motor fuels
Fuel types	Gasoline/petrol • Diesel • Lead Replacement Petrol • Racing fuel
Fuel additives	Butyl safety • Butylated hydroxytoluene • one,two-Dibromoethane • 1,two-Dichloroethane • Dimethyl methylphosphonate • 2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol • Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid • 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol • Ecalene • Ethylenediamine • Metal deactivator • Methyl tert-butyl ether • Nitromethane • Tetraethyllead • Tetranitromethane
Fluids	Motor oil • Motorcycle oil • Antifreeze • Automatic manual fluid • Brake fluid • Gear oil • Windshield washer fluid
Retail	Fuel card • Full service • MTBE controversy • Pay at the pump

Source: https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/14357

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